Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, degenerative neurological disorder characterized by poor control of movement (motor control) and autonomic functions. It causes problems with involuntary activities such as blood pressure maintenance, bladder control, and swallowing. The symptoms resemble those of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other related disorders. However, MSA is considered a separate condition with its own defining characteristics.
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Causes And Risk Factors
The underlying cause of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is still unclear but research suggests it involves the abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein proteins in regions of the brain and spinal cord that control movement and autonomic functions. Scientists believe both genetic and environmental risk factors may play a role in the development of MSA. Some potential risk factors include:
– Family history of MSA or other neurodegenerative diseases like PD. Rare genetic mutations have been linked to MSA in some families.
– Head injuries or traumatic brain injuries. Evidence suggests these may increase MSA risk but causality has not been proven.
– Gender. Men are at significantly higher risk of developing MSA than women. The reasons are still unknown.
– Age. Most individuals experience their first MSA symptoms in their late 50s to early 60s on average. It is very rare for MSA to develop before age 40.
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) Symptoms And Stages
MSA causes a variety of movement, autonomic, and other neurological problems that tend to worsen over time. Early symptoms can appear similar to PD or other disorders. The following are some of the main symptoms:
– Movement problems like difficulty walking, rigidity, slowness, tremor, and impaired balance/coordination.
– Autonomic dysfunction leading to issues like blood pressure problems, urinary and sexual disorders, constipation, and difficulty swallowing.
– Non-motor symptoms such as sleep disturbances, emotional changes, depression, excess sweating, and loss of small handwriting.
Doctors divide MSA into subtypes based on early symptoms – striatonigral degeneration or olivopontocerebellar atrophy. The disease progresses through mild, moderate, and severe stages as function continues deteriorating.
Diagnosis And Tests
Unfortunately, there are no definitive diagnostic tests for MSA. Doctors gather information from patient history, neurological exam findings, and test results to determine if MSA is a possible cause for the symptoms. Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms can resemble other movement disorders. Tests may include:
– Brain MRI to rule out other diseases and analyze brain structures for signs of atrophy.
– Functional tests to evaluate motor function, coordination, balance, and autonomic nervous system activities.
– Lab tests to check for alternate causes including vitamin deficiencies, infections, autoimmune disorders.
– Genetic testing may reveal rare gene mutations associated with a small percentage of MSA cases.
– DaTSCAN imaging uses radioactive tracers to visualize dopamine transporter levels in the brain which can help differentiate MSA from PD.
Treatment And Management
Currently, there is no cure for MSA and its progression cannot be stopped. However, medications and therapies can help alleviate specific symptoms and optimize quality of life. Treatment aims to:
– Manage motor symptoms with drugs like dopaminergic medications and amantadine.
– Control blood pressure drops, urinary disorders, and other autonomic issues through medications.
– Maintain mobility and function with physical therapy, exercise programs, and adaptive equipment.
– Address non-motor issues like sleep, mood, pain through other medications as needed.
– Consider advanced therapies like deep brain stimulation if standard treatments become less effective.
Prognosis And Outlook
The disease course of MSA varies between individuals but declines are generally gradual. On average, the life expectancy is approximately 6-10 years from when symptoms first appear. However, some live much longer if the disease remains at mild stages. Supportive care helps maximize function and comfort during all stages of MSA. While there is no cure, continued research holds hope for more effective therapies and improved outcomes.
*Note:
1. Source: Coherent Market Insights, Public sources, Desk research
2. We have leveraged AI tools to mine information and compile it
About Author - Alice Mutum
Alice Mutum is a seasoned senior content editor at Coherent Market Insights, leveraging extensive expertise gained from her previous role as a content writer. With seven years in content development, Alice masterfully employs SEO best practices and cutting-edge digital marketing strategies to craft high-ranking, impactful content. As an editor, she meticulously ensures flawless grammar and punctuation, precise data accuracy, and perfect alignment with audience needs in every research report. Alice's dedication to excellence and her strategic approach to content make her an invaluable asset in the world of market insights. LinkedIn