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Vaccines for Classical Swine Fever:
Classical swine fever, also known as hog cholera, is a contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs. The disease is caused by the classical swine fever virus from the genus Pestivirus. While mortality rates can be high, up to 100% in acute cases, most infected pigs will develop chronic infections and act as carriers, continuing to spread the virus.
To control the spread of classical swine fever, several vaccines are available. Killed C-strain vaccines provide good protection against clinical disease, with immunity lasting approximately 6 months. However, vaccinated pigs will still carry and transmit the virus. Marker vaccines have been developed which allow differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals using laboratory tests. Live attenuated vaccines are also used which elicit a stronger immune response and longer-lasting immunity compared to killed vaccines. Vaccinated herds need to be monitored closely and restrictions remain in place due to the inability to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral infection of cloven-hoofed animals including pigs. The disease causes vesicles or blisters in the mouth and on the feet which leads to lameness. Outbreaks can have severe economic consequences through movement restrictions and international trade bans on live animals and animal products.
Several types of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines are available for pigs. Killed, chemically-inactivated vaccines require biannual boosters to maintain protection. Newer inactivated vaccines have adjuvants added to improve immunogenicity and provide longer-lasting immunity of 4-6 months with a single dose. Live attenuated vaccines generate a more prolonged immune response but run a small risk of developing vaccine-associated infections if not produced and handled properly. Serotype-specific vaccines are available to match circulating field strains of the virus. Vaccination, in combination with other control measures, helps prevent outbreaks and supports disease-free international trade status.
Erysipelas Vaccines
Erysipelas is a bacterial infection of pigs and some birds caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Clinical signs can include arthritis, skin lesions, and sudden death. Although rarely fatal in adult pigs, erysipelas poses high risks to piglets.
A key component of prevention programs is vaccination. Bacterins made from chemically-inactivated E. rhusiopathiae bacteria are commonly used erysipelas vaccines for pigs. They provide good protection against clinical disease when given to sows before farrowing to confer maternal immunity to piglets through colostrum. Combination vaccines containing antigens for multiple bacterial and viral pathogens are also available. Revaccination every 6-12 months is usually recommended to maintain immunity. Strict biosecurity and hygiene practices further reduce erysipelas challenges to vaccinated herds.
Leptospirosis Vaccines
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira interrogans bacteria. Clinical signs in pigs can range from mild flu-like symptoms to more severe outcomes like reproductive failure. Infected herds act as reservoirs for human exposure.
Several leptospirosis vaccines are approved for use in pigs. Bacterins made from inactivated leptospires provide protection against the serovars contained in the vaccine. Multivalent vaccines cover the main serovars affecting swine production worldwide. Primary vaccination is given to gilts or sows with annual boosters recommended. Maternal immunization induces passive immunity in piglets until weaning. Vaccination, along with rodent control efforts, supports leptospirosis prevention on pig farms and reduces the risk of transmission to farm workers and their families.
Parvovirus Vaccines
Porcine parvovirus, also called porcine parvovirus type 1 or erythrocytic parvovirus, causes damage to the bone marrow of young pigs resulting in anemia. It poses high risks in nurseries and wean-to-finish sites.
Killed virus vaccines are available which provide solid protection against clinical parvovirus when given to sows or gilts prior to breeding. Maternal antibodies in colostrum passively protect suckling piglets from 3-6 weeks of age until weaning. Commercial combination vaccines often include a parvovirus component. Annual revaccination maintains adequate parvovirus antibody levels in the herd. With vaccination and proper hygiene, parvovirus infections can be effectively managed in swine production.
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae Vaccines
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes enzootic pneumonia in pigs, resulting in chronic lung inflammation and performance losses. It predisposes pigs to secondary bacterial infections.
Several types of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines have been developed. Killed whole-cell and subunit vaccines provide some control of clinical signs when used according to label guidelines. However, they do not completely stop transmission. Live modified-live vaccines are also available which elicit stronger cellular immunity and better reductions in pathogen shedding compared to non-living vaccines. Commercial preparations may combine Mycoplasma antigens with other swine vaccine components. Vaccinating breeding animals leads to passive immunity in suckling pigs until we
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1. Source: Coherent Market Insights, Public sources, Desk research
2. We have leveraged AI tools to mine information and compile
Money Singh is a seasoned content writer with over four years of experience in the market research sector. Her expertise spans various industries, including food and beverages, biotechnology, chemical and materials, defense and aerospace, consumer goods, etc.
